Ndi mitundu iti yomwe imawola kwambiri ndi radioactive?Kodi tingadziteteze bwanji ku zotsatirapo zoipa za chezacho?
Kutengera ndi mtundu wa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena mafunde omwe nyukiliyasi imatulutsa kuti ikhale yokhazikika, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwonongeka kwa radioactive komwe kumatsogolera ku radiation ya ionizing.Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta alpha, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta beta, cheza cha gamma ndi neutroni.
Alpha radiation
Kuwola kwa Alpha (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Mu ma radiation a alpha, ma nuclei omwe akuwola amatulutsa tinthu tambiri tomwe timayimbira bwino kuti tikhazikika.Tizidutswa timeneti sitingathe kuloŵa pakhungu lathu kuti tivulaze ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri tingaimitsidwe pogwiritsira ntchito ngakhale pepala limodzi.
Komabe, ngati zinthu za alpha-emitting zimatengedwa m'thupi mwa kupuma, kudya, kapena kumwa, zimatha kuwonetsa minyewa yamkati mwachindunji ndipo, motero, ikhoza kuwononga thanzi.
Americium-241 ndi chitsanzo cha atomu yomwe imawola kudzera mu tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta alpha, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pozindikira utsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Beta radiation
Kuwola kwa Beta (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Mu ma radiation a beta, ma nuclei amatulutsa tinthu ting'onoting'ono (ma elekitironi) omwe amalowa kwambiri kuposa ma alpha particles ndipo amatha kudutsa mwachitsanzo, masentimita 1-2 amadzi, kutengera mphamvu zawo.Nthawi zambiri, pepala la aluminiyamu lokhuthala mamilimita angapo limatha kuyimitsa ma radiation a beta.
Ena mwa maatomu osakhazikika omwe amatulutsa ma radiation a beta ndi monga hydrogen-3 (tritium) ndi carbon-14.Tritium imagwiritsidwa ntchito, pakati pa ena, mumagetsi adzidzidzi mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, potuluka mumdima.Izi ndichifukwa choti ma radiation a beta ochokera ku tritium amachititsa kuti zinthu za phosphor ziziwala pamene ma radiation alumikizana, popanda magetsi.Carbon-14 imagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwachitsanzo, kupanga zinthu zakale.
Gamma kunyezimira
Kuwala kwa Gamma (Infographic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Ma radiation a gamma, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, monga chithandizo cha khansa, ndi radiation ya electromagnetic, yofanana ndi ma X-ray.Kuwala kwina kwa gamma kumadutsa m'thupi la munthu popanda kuvulaza, pamene ena amatengedwa ndi thupi ndipo akhoza kuwononga.Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa gamma kumatha kuchepetsedwa kukhala milingo yomwe imabweretsa chiopsezo chocheperako ndi makoma okhuthala a konkriti kapena lead.Ichi ndichifukwa chake makoma a zipinda zochizira ma radiotherapy mzipatala za odwala khansa ndi okhuthala kwambiri.
Neutroni
Kuphulika kwa nyukiliya mkati mwa choyatsira zida za nyukiliya ndi chitsanzo cha ma radioactive chain reaction omwe amapangidwa ndi ma neutroni (Graphic: A. Vargas/IAEA).
Ma nyutroni ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zapakati.Iwo sali olipidwa ndipo motero samabala ionization mwachindunji.Koma kugwirizana kwawo ndi maatomu a zinthu kungayambitse ma alpha-, beta-, gamma- kapena X-rays, zomwe zimabweretsa ionization.Ma nyutroni akulowa ndipo amatha kuyimitsidwa ndi konkriti, madzi kapena parafini.
Ma nyutroni amatha kupangidwa m'njira zingapo, mwachitsanzo mu zida za nyukiliya kapena machitidwe a nyukiliya oyambitsidwa ndi tinthu tambiri tambiri m'miyala yothamangitsa.Ma nyutroni amatha kuyimira gwero lalikulu la ma radiation a ionizing mosalunjika.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-11-2022